The weird ways of online communication

Freedom to mess things up

More than often, young Internet users seem to think that they have found the Promised Land - no teachers, policemen or angry Grandma. One can do anything, nobody will know...? Actually, Internet can be far less anonymous than they think (finding out addresses and computers is often possible and obnoxious wrongdoers will get punished sooner or later).

Still, just like in real life, most online conflicts will start not from a deliberate attack (although this is possible) but rather gross misunderstandings (often caused by cultural differences). Therefore throughout the history of Internet, people have tried to set up some rules which help prevent such cases.

An online contact has a somewhat different profile than its real-life counterpart. A significant difference is the first impression being verbal (rather than visual) - strangers will be 'seen' through their written words. Many online channels forward the content of a message, but remove a great part of the context - situation, mimics, body language, tone of voice.

Let's have an example. The message is "You, Sir, are a total idiot!". This is transfered

1. in a half-drunk chat between two old friends sitting in a sauna - probably not taken seriously at all, almost all of the negativity will get lost.
2. between the same friends over a phone call - the context will be less and the conflict is more probable, yet the people still know each other - and they can sort it out immediately.
3. between the same friends in an instant messenger - even less context (no voice either), but still possible to react right away.
4. in an e-mail - being a discrete medium (a message can be answered with another message, a different entity), this will make the conflict much more probable.
5. in a fax bearing the official letterhead of a company - this hypothetical scenario adds negative context by suggesting the official statement (Our company has decided that you are a #¤%&%&#&).
6. in a letter signed by President, addressed to another head of state - while very unlikely, this may end up in a war.

"We wanted the best, but it came out as usual" (a Russian saying)

Let's quote a book by Kurt Vonnegut, Breakfast of Champions":

A flying saucer creature named Zog arrived on Earth to explain how wars could be prevented and how cancer could be cured. He brought the information from Margo, a planet where the natives conversed by means of farts and tap dancing.

Zog landed at night in Connecticut. He had no sooner touched down than he saw a house on fire. He rushed into the house, farting and tap dancing, warning the people about the terrible danger they were in. The head of the house brained Zog with a golf club.

This is a surprisingly exact depiction of Internet communication.

Is it different?

The answer could be: both yes and no. The essence of communication - forwarding the message as well as some extra information like emotions - is the same in both face-to-face and technologically facilitated communication. The main difference lies in secondary factors.

All communication has at n+1 sides - in addition to the people communicating, the channel itself has its influence (be it air - in the ordinary talk -, phone or TV). Internet allows using many different channels (often in parallel) - we see here things which are similar to traditional telephone (e.g. Skype), letters (e-mail), newspapers (Web) and also some original ones.

Thus, while the 'terminals' are humans, the differences are in channels. They can be

• temporal - different speeds (e.g. letter vs e-mail)
• directional - can be a) one-to-one (phone), one-to-many (mailing list), many-to-one (blog commentary) or many-to-many (chatroom), b) one- (TV) or bidirectional (phone)
• throughput - different amount of information can pass through different channels
• filtering - different channels cut off different amounts of context, e.g. video conference vs phone vs e-mail

So what to consider in online communication? Some points will follow.

Openness and freedom of speech and thought

These qualities have been with Internet throughout its history, making it an important channel for those otherwise suppressed (various minorities, dissidents etc). All censorship has almost universally been met with very loud protest - be it then from some extremist group or the US Senate (who has initiated several censorship-related legal acts).

Note that while Internet supports all basic human rights, it seems to add another - the right to quarrel. Moderate nagging and argument will be counted as freedom of speech (to a certain point). Yet, the rest of the people have got another right - to say "Do it someplace else".

A very important point to remember in online communication is that Internet is global - it's a crossroad where people with different backgrounds and from different cultural contexts meet, making all kinds of stereotypes and misunderstandings a real threat. Let us have another example.

An excerpt from an online chat:

A: Had a wonderful barbecue yesterday. Tons of ham and sausages, yummy! B: Bah, you really eat all that shit?!? A: ?????????  !!!!!!!!!!!!! ¤#%&¤&%¤/#%¤&&/&%&#/¤U/&&¤## !!! (a real nasty verbal war follows)

The reason: A was a typical American student, B was a dedicated Vegan - or a deeply religious Muslim. Neither knew anything about the other.

The only solution in such situations is to clarify the background. In turn, it demands a) remaining polite in whatever situation, b) ability to express oneself clearly and unambiguously.

The unwwritten laws

The first cybercommunities in the early days of Internet were mostly based on e-mail. As their numbers grew, they started to need some generally accepted rules - the result was network etiquette, or netiquette. While it's based on generic good manners, it also has more specific rules, e.g. about using capital letters or conserving bandwidth.

However, for some time, a big problem was in that these rules were in fact unwritten - they were rather strictly enforced but had to be learned by trial and error. In some communities, it is still the case.

Identity vs anonymity

Ehkki Interneti üldpõhimõtted eeldavad kasutajatelt teatud identiteedimäärangut (arvuti aadress, kasutajanimi), on seal väga levinud ka anonüümne või incognito (võõra nime all) esinemine. Üht arvutit, E-posti aadressi või jututoanime võib reaalselt kasutada mitu inimest. Kokkuleppel teise inimesega (ja paraku vahel ka ilma selleta) võib esineda temana - sellel baseerub ka suur osa küberkuritegudest. Isegi tavalist E-kirja on võimalik saata anonüümselt, kasutades selleks mõnd spetsiaalset serverit (tõsi, see praktika on sattunud kõikjal löögi alla ja seda loetakse üsna üheselt väga halvaks tooniks). Näib, nagu oleks Internet igasuguse peituse ja pettuse jaoks ideaalne paik.

Ometi pole see nii. Anonüümsus toimib praktiliselt vaid senikaua, kuni vastaspoole huvi meie vastu on uudishimu tasandil. Eriti Eesti-suuruses väikeriigis ja piiratud keelekeskkonnas ei ole enda varjamine piisavalt motiveeritud otsijate eest netis oluliselt lihtsam kui reaalelus peitupugemine. E-postil baseeruvates suhtlemissüsteemides lendavad anonüümkirjad enamasti ilma lugemata virtuaalprügikasti. Meililistides ja uudisegruppides kutsub igasugune anonüümkiri pea alati esile hulga vihaseid reaktsioone. Seda on veelgi soodustanud Interneti kommertsialiseerumine - suur osa rämpspostist on anonüümne.

Ka neis valdkondades, mis näiliselt sallivad ja soodustavad anonüümset esinemist, ei ole see alati tegelikult parim mõte. IRC ja jutukate puhul on hoolimata anonüümsete kasutajate suurest osakaalust siiski keskne roll neil inimestel, kelle reaalne isik on üldiselt teada. Anonüümsus tekitab enamasti petliku turvatunde - "teen mis tahan, keegi nagunii teada ei saa", see omakorda julgustab käituma palju kontrollimatumalt kui seda tehtaks reaalselt inimeste ees. Sellise inimese anonüümsus on aga nagu petlik võlusõrmus Tolkieni "Sõrmuste isandas" - ta võib sõrmest lipsata just kõige ebasoodsamal hetkel. Võrgul on aga pikk mälu.

Traditsiooniline häkkerikultuur on anonüümsusse suhtunud taunivalt juba kasvõi seetõttu, et see takistab häkkeri ühe suurema sihi - erialase tuntuse ja respekti - saavutamist. Pea kõik selle sfääri inimesed teavad nimesid nagu Richard Stallman, Linus Torvalds, Eric Raymond, Bruce Perens jt. Võõra inimese suust sõnade "Aa, sina oledki selle-ja-selle raamatu (veebisaidi, dokumendi, tarkvarapaketi vms) autor! Vinge!" kuulmine on pea iga häkkeri unistuseks. Anonüümsus aga töötab sellele sihile risti vastu.

For additional reading

• SHEA, Virginia. Netiquette
• SULER, John. The Psychology of Cyberspace